Abstract

Despite decades of school reforms intended to equalize educational opportunities, social inequalities in education persist. Throughout the modern world, youth from privileged families tend to perform better in school and secure more advanced educational credentials. School expansion has not reduced the association between family background and educational attainment; rather, it has pushed the most consequential sorting to higher levels of the educational system. Both between-school inequalities in resources and within-school inequalities in educational opportunities produce class and status inequalities in educational outcomes. Finally, no modern society has yet succeeded in preventing families from using family resources to gain educational advantage for their children.

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