Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected young people aged 16–25 years and has brought about a major increase in mental health problems. Although there is persisting evidence regarding SES differences in mental health status, there is still little knowledge of the processes linking SES to young people's mental health, in particular during the current pandemic. Guided by a stress process model this study examines the role of different psychosocial resource factors in mitigating the vulnerability to mental distress among disadvantaged young people and specifies a range of possible mediating pathways. The research draws on a nationally representative longitudinal sample of 16–25 year-olds who participated in the Youth Economic Activity and Health (YEAH) online survey conducted in the UK between February and October 2021. Mental health was measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist for anxiety and depression. Socio-economic disadvantage was indicated by parental education and receipt of free school meals. Experience of stress was indicated by financial strain. Psychosocial resource factors included indicators of optimism, self-efficacy, and social support. We controlled for age, gender, living arrangements, and economic activity of the young person (being in education, employment or NEET). The findings suggest sequential mediating processes where SES influences are partially mediated via financial strain and the psychosocial resource factors. In addition, the psychosocial resource factors showed independent effects supporting mental health in the face of socio-economic adversity. Moreover, social support played a significant role in boosting self-efficacy and optimism, which in turn reduce mental distress. The findings highlighting the importance of specifying the assumed mediating processes, and to consider multiple resource factors instead of single aspects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the processes linking SES to young people's mental health.
Highlights
Young people have been hit hard by the COVID19 pandemic: their education has suffered [1], their employment prospects are increasingly uncertain [2, 3], and there has been a massive rise of mental health problems [4–7]
The largest correlations were between self-efficacy, optimism and mental health
We find social inequalities regarding the distribution of mental health (H1c), and demonstrate the significant role of psychosocial resource factors (PRF) in protecting mental health in the face of socio-economic adversity
Summary
Young people have been hit hard by the COVID19 pandemic: their education has suffered [1], their employment prospects are increasingly uncertain [2, 3], and there has been a massive rise of mental health problems [4–7]. Mental health conditions developing in early life have a high risk of persisting at later ages and are predictive of a range of negative social and economic outcomes, including educational attainment, employment, and adult health [12, 13]. Children and young people from a relative disadvantaged socio-economic status (SES) background have a higher risk of experiencing mental health problems than their more privileged peers [17–19]. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the association between SES and mental health, including material deprivation, lack of access to health services, discriminatory experiences, cumulative stress exposure, and the inability to meet chronic stress with relevant resources to help to reduce its psychological and biological impact [22–24]. The focus of this study is the latter pathway, examining the availability of psychosocial resources and their effectiveness in reducing the negative impact of SES differences on young people’s mental health
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