Social forces and changes of political regime: The question of democratic development

Abstract

History provides many examples of the transformation of political regimes. Several classic studies suggest that democracy was only possible under very specific circumstances. Several point to an automatic causal link between capitalism and political democracy. More comprehensive historical analysis shows democracy to have emerged out of social forces and conflicts created during the development of capitalism, with the working class its most consistent supporter. It may be possible to relate these broad historical generalizations to changes of regime over short periods. The suggested framework follows four defining characteristics of regime types. The conclusion on the future of democracy throughout Europe is cautiously optimistic.