Abstract
In many projects, the impact on people is not expected to be disruptive; indeed, local people are expected to be the beneficiaries. Frequently, such projects do not work out as intended. This article looks at the extent to which such results can be foreseen. The conventional economics-based approaches need supplementing, given this track record. This can be attempted in two ways: first, by pointing to the patterns of human behaviour in a project which makes guidance possible to planners; and, second, by arguing that projects can have improved outcomes by changing the planning process, to ensure more active local participation.
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