Abstract
Social divisions and exclusion in society are not new. However, the character of social divisions has changed. The challenges of inadequate resources in cities, caused by unprecedented population explosion and diminishing opportunities, are being further exacerbated. The paper reveals that ethnicity and religion, rather than other characteristics like profession/vocation, economic status etc are the principal identities by which most Africans characterize themselves. These social characteristics have, therefore, become the major causes of segregation and social exclusion within communities, cities and even in the continent within individual countries of Africa, leading to genocides in extreme cases. Improved education and enhanced urban governance is highly essential in ameliorating the situation and maintaining progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
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