Social Dynamics of Adolescent Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Adolescent fertility tends to be valued and sanctioned in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa when parents have had adequate ritual or training preparation for adulthood and the child has a recognized father. Young women and adolescents who conceive and bear children within this context are widely accepted by society; those who conceive outside of marriage however are strongly condemned by society. Over the past 2-3 decades most African countries have successfully raised their levels of education. Girls and women are increasingly privy to formal school education and training in trade apprenticeships domestic service and ritual initiation which had otherwise been denied in the past. These factors combined with declining menarche in a few areas and changing economic opportunities law and religion make it more difficult to define the exact date of entry into marriage. Many girls are taking advantage of these changing circumstances and their opportunities to obtain educations and resist early marriage and cildbearing. While defying the traditional entry into early marriage many young women do not however refrain from engaging in sexual activities. Pregnancies to unwed mothers are thereby on the rise and may constitute the most profound change observed in the social context of adolescent fertility on the continent. Once pregnant many women find themselves shut out by family planning programs and prenatal clinics which serve only married women. This paper ultimately concludes that the social context of adolescent childbearing has an effect on the outcome for mother and child which is as important as the physiological maturity of the mother.