Abstract
Background: Previous research has suggested that social disconnectedness experienced at school is linked to mental health problems, however, more research is needed to investigate (1) whether the accumulation of various types of social disconnectedness is associated with risk for mental health problems, and (2) whether loneliness is a mechanism that explains these associations.Methods: Using data from the Danish National Youth Study 2019 (UNG19), nation-wide cross-sectional data from 29,086 high school students in Denmark were analyzed to assess associations between social disconnectedness experienced at school (lack of classmate support, lack of teacher support, lack of class social cohesion, and not being part of the school community) and various mental health outcomes, as well as the mediating role of loneliness for each type of disconnectedness. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations.Results: Descriptive analyses suggest that 27.5% of Danish high school students experience at least one type of social disconnectedness at school. Each type of social disconnectedness was positively associated with mental health problems (depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, stress, sleep problems, suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, eating disorder, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem) and negatively associated with mental well-being. In all cases, loneliness significantly mediated the associations. We found a clear dose-response pattern, where each addition in types of social disconnectedness was associated with (1) stronger negative coefficients with mental well-being and (2) stronger positive coefficients with mental health problems.Conclusion: Our results add to a large evidence-base suggesting that mental health problems among adolescents may be prevented by promoting social connectedness at school. More specifically, fostering social connectedness at school may prevent loneliness, which in turn may promote mental well-being and prevent mental health problems during the developmental stages of adolescence. It is important to note that focusing on single indicators of school social connectedness/disconnectedness would appear to be insufficient. Implications for practices within school settings to enhance social connectedness are discussed.
Highlights
Mental health problems have been estimated to affect 10–20% of children and adolescents worldwide and account for a large portion of the global burden of disease (Kieling et al, 2011; Polanczyk et al, 2015)
The average age of the sample was 17.8 (SD = 1.3) years, and 55.4% were females. 7.3% of the participants reported lack of support from classmates, 12.6% reported lack of support from teachers, 15.2% reported lack of class social cohesion, and 4.7% reported not being part of the school community. 72.5% of the participants did not experience any type of social disconnectedness at school, while 18.8% experienced one type of disconnectedness, 6.0% experienced two types of disconnectedness, 2.2% experienced three types of disconnectedness, and 0.6% experienced all four types of disconnectedness
All types were significantly associated with all outcomes, where each type of social disconnectedness was positively associated with mental health problems and negatively associated with mental well-being
Summary
Mental health problems have been estimated to affect 10–20% of children and adolescents worldwide and account for a large portion of the global burden of disease (Kieling et al, 2011; Polanczyk et al, 2015). Mental health problems compromise quality of life and healthy functioning, and may lead to suicidal behavior and completed suicides. Suicide is a leading cause of death in adolescents, and a major public health issue (Kokkevi et al, 2012; Kõlves and De Leo, 2016). It is imperative to identify protective factors for mental health among adolescents, in settings where adolescents spend much of their time outside of home—the school setting. Previous research has suggested that social disconnectedness experienced at school is linked to mental health problems, more research is needed to investigate (1) whether the accumulation of various types of social disconnectedness is associated with risk for mental health problems, and (2) whether loneliness is a mechanism that explains these associations
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