Abstract
From infancy, neural processes for perceiving others’ actions and producing one’s own actions overlap (neural mirroring). Adults and children show enhanced mirroring in social interactions. Yet, whether social context affects mirroring in infancy, a time when processing others’ actions is crucial for action learning, remains unclear. We examined whether turn-taking, an early form of social interaction, enhanced 9-month-olds’ neural mirroring. We recorded electroencephalography while 9-month-olds were grasping (execution) and observing live grasps (observation). In this design, half of the infants observed and acted in alternation (turn-taking condition), whereas the other half observed several times in a row before acting (blocked condition). Replicating previous findings, infants showed significant 6- to 9-Hz mu suppression (indicating motor activation) during execution and observation (n = 24). In addition, a condition (turn-taking or blocked) by time (action start or end) interaction indicated that infants engaged in turn-taking (n = 9), but not in the blocked context (n = 15), showed more mirroring when observing the action start compared with the action end. Exploratory analyses further suggest that (a) there is higher visual–motor functional connectivity in turn-taking toward the action’s end, (b) mirroring relates to later visual–motor connectivity, and (c) visual attention as indexed by occipital alpha is enhanced in turn-taking compared with the blocked context. Together, this suggests that the neural processing of others’ actions is modulated by the social context in infancy and that turn-taking may be particularly effective in engaging infants’ action perception system.
Highlights
From their first year of life, infants observe, interact with, and learn from others’ actions
In infancy, when neural mirroring is first emerging, is it already sensitive to the social context or does contextual modulation emerge later in childhood as social interactions and collaboration become more complex? In the current study, we examined whether the context of turn-taking, an early-occurring form of social interaction, enhances mirroring of others’ actions in 9-month-old infants
In keeping with our a priori theoretical considerations of excluding gross motor movements, we found that when keeping gross motor movement in the data (n = 47), the number of trials identified with gross motor movements during observation was correlated with infants’ mu suppression during action observation (r = À.318, p = .029)
Summary
From their first year of life, infants observe, interact with, and learn from others’ actions. When adults are engaged in social interactions, their neural motor activation in anticipation of and during action observation is enhanced (Kourtis et al, 2010; Ménoret et al, 2014). This enhanced neural mirroring in socially relevant situations is further linked to joint action performance (e.g., Kourtis, Sebanz, & Knoblich, 2013), emphasizing the role of mirroring for successful social interactions. Whether social context can enhance neural mirroring of infants in their first year of life is an open question. In infancy, when neural mirroring is first emerging, is it already sensitive to the social context or does contextual modulation emerge later in childhood as social interactions and collaboration become more complex? In the current study, we examined whether the context of turn-taking, an early-occurring form of social interaction, enhances mirroring of others’ actions in 9-month-old infants
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