Social Context and Reproductive Potential Affect Worker Reproductive Decisions in a Eusocial Insect

Boris Yagound,Nicolas Châline,Pierre Blacher,Stéphane Chameron,James AR. Marshall

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052217

Abstract

Context-dependent decision-making conditions individual plasticity and is an integrant part of alternative reproductive strategies. In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), the discovery of worker reproductive parasitism recently challenged the view of workers as a homogeneous collective entity and stressed the need to consider them as autonomous units capable of elaborate choices which influence their fitness returns. The reproductive decisions of individual workers thus need to be investigated and taken into account to understand the regulation of reproduction in insect societies. However, we know virtually nothing about the proximate mechanisms at the basis of worker reproductive decisions. Here, we test the hypothesis that the capacity of workers to reproduce in foreign colonies lies in their ability to react differently according to the colonial context and whether this reaction is influenced by a particular internal state. Using the bumble bee Bombus terrestris, we show that workers exhibit an extremely high reproductive plasticity which is conditioned by the social context they experience. Fertile workers reintroduced into their mother colony reverted to sterility, as expected. On the contrary, a high level of ovary activity persisted in fertile workers introduced into a foreign nest, and this despite more frequent direct contacts with the queen and the brood than control workers. Foreign workers' reproductive decisions were not affected by the resident queen, their level of fertility being similar whether or not the queen was removed from the host colony. Workers' physiological state at the time of introduction is also of crucial importance, since infertile workers failed to develop a reproductive phenotype in a foreign nest. Therefore, both internal and environmental factors appear to condition individual reproductive strategies in this species, suggesting that more complex decision-making mechanisms are involved in the regulation of worker reproduction than previously thought.

Highlights

The decision of where and when to reproduce has a crucial impact on an individual’s fitness
The types and rates of parasitism vary according to species, but a common characteristic of this phenomenon is that intraspecific parasite workers always reproduce to a significant extent at the expense of host colonies (Table 1)
As foreign workers’ fertility was not affected by the presence of a queen in the host colony, fertility differences in bees introduced into their mother compared to a foreign nest are likely due to differences in queen signal influence, suggesting that foreign workers do not respond to the host queen signal

Summary

Introduction

The decision of where and when to reproduce has a crucial impact on an individual’s fitness. I.e., when a worker leaves its native nest, enters an unrelated colony and reproduces, is a powerful alternative strategy enabling workers to increase their direct fitness [2]. This possibly widespread reproductive strategy [3] has currently been described in several species ranging from honey bees [4,5,6,7,8,9], sweat bees [10,11], stingless bees [12] and bumble bees [13,14,15], to vespine wasps [16] (Table 1). Despite the potential spread of this phenomenon, the proximate mechanisms at the basis of such worker reproductive strategies remain largely unknown, and investigating them is of paramount importance to understand what shapes reproductive decisions in eusocial insects

Methods

Results

Conclusion