Abstract
In Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, the first step is to find all of the neighboring peers in the network by performing a peer discovery process. Most previous studies use the social behaviors of the users to adjust the sending rates of the peer discovery messages (i.e., beacons) under the constraint of consumed power for increasing the Peer Discovery Ratio (PDR). However, these studies do not consider the potential for energy harvesting, which allows for the User Equipments (UEs) to procure additional power within charging areas. Accordingly, this paper proposes an Energy-Ratio Rate Decision (ERRD) algorithm that comprises three steps, namely Social Ratio Allocation (SRA), Energy Ratio Allocation (ERA), and Beacon Rate Decision (BRD). The SRA step determines the allocated power quantum for each UE from the total budget power based on the social behavior of the UE. The ERA step then adjusts this allocated power quantum in accordance with the power that is harvested by the UE. Finally, the BRD step computes the beacon rate for the UE based on the adjusted power quantum. The simulation results show that ERRD outperforms the previously-reported Social-Based Grouping (SBG) algorithm by 190% on the PDR for a budget power of one watt and 8% for a budget power of 20 watts.
Highlights
The demands that are placed on wireless communications have exponentially increased in recent years due to the proliferation of User Equipments (UEs) and the unceasing development of new mobile services
The contributions of this paper are across three orientations: (1) regarding the problem orientation, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first paper to consider the social-aware peer discovery problem for D2D communications in an energy-harvesting environment, (2) regarding the solution orientation, we propose Energy-Ratio Rate Decision (ERRD), which determines the beacon rate according to UE’s social behavior and the harvested power quantum to increase its peer discovery ratio (PDR), and (3) regarding the evaluation orientation, some of the simulations are conducted to investigate many important parameters along with significant observations
ERRD first allocates the budget power of the the UEs, depending on their social ratios and adjusts the allocated power quantum of each UE, network among the UEs, depending on their social ratios and adjusts the allocated power depending on its harvested energy
Summary
The demands that are placed on wireless communications have exponentially increased in recent years due to the proliferation of User Equipments (UEs) and the unceasing development of new mobile services. The results have shown that the social behavior of the users provides a useful tool for adjusting the beacon rates of the UEs in such a way to improve the overall efficiency of the peer discovery process [17,18,19,20,21]. The contributions of this paper are across three orientations: (1) regarding the problem orientation, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first paper to consider the social-aware peer discovery problem for D2D communications in an energy-harvesting environment, (2) regarding the solution orientation, we propose ERRD, which determines the beacon rate according to UE’s social behavior and the harvested power quantum to increase its PDR, and (3) regarding the evaluation orientation, some of the simulations are conducted to investigate many important parameters along with significant observations.
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