Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on systems in which each voter has a single (non-transferable) vote. For such systems, it shows that, if the district magnitude and distribution of vote support among parties are held constant and some empirically attainable conditions are met, then the d'Hondt PR formula and the plurality rule formula will yield identical seat allocations. This result will seem less surprising once the definition of plurality rule is understood, but will remain instructive. The paper also shows that, district magnitude held constant, d'Hondt and plurality rule have identical thresholds of exclusion. These technical results are used to illustrate broader terminogical and conceptual confusions in the empirical literature. For example, I argue that current interpretations of Duverger's Law, emphasizing the electoral formula, are misleading.
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