Abstract
Geodetic Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses ground-based signals of opportunity to retrieve sea levels at an intermediate spatial scale. Geodetic GNSS-R is based on the simultaneous reception of Line-of-Sight (LoS) and its coherent GNSS sea surface reflection (non-LOS) signals. The scope of this paper is to present geodetic GNSS-R applied to sea level altimetry. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurements from a Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) geodetic-quality GNSS station at the Haiti Coast Guard Base in Port-au-Prince is used to retrieve sea levels in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014). The GNSS-R sea levels are compared with those of the OTT Radar Level Sensor (RLS) installed vertically below the GNSS antenna. The Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) between the geodetic GNSS-R sea levels and OTT RLS records is 3.43 cm, with a correlation of 0.96. In addition, the complex differences between the OTT RLS records and 15-min GNSS-R sea levels using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (or Global Navigation Satellite System; GLONASS) signals for all the eight major tidal constituents are in mm-level agreement. Therefore, geodetic GNSS-R can be used as a complementary approach to the conventional method for sea level studies in a stable terrestrial reference frame.
Highlights
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals in the microwave band (300 MHz to 300 GHz) propagate from satellite to receiver in a vacuum, at a constant speed, along the Line-of-Sight (LoS) path
The LoS path is routinely used for position determination [1,2,3], the error sources of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) caused by physical effects in the actual environment have been used for Earth observation and remote sensing
GNSS-R can take advantage of appropriate antenna configurations in order to study the relationships between geophysical variables and properties of the scattering surface
Summary
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals in the microwave band (300 MHz to 300 GHz) propagate from satellite to receiver in a vacuum, at a constant speed, along the Line-of-Sight (LoS) path. Geodetic GNSS-R uses Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurements from sensor platforms near the ground surface to estimate the sea level in a stable terrestrial reference frame. The authors reported a larger RMSE (~10 cm) of the residual between GNSS-R sea level retrievals and the tide gauge records for the second station, the Friday Harbor GNSS tide gauge.
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