Abstract
9 Russian Vitis vinifera grape varieties and the European variety Muscat Hamburg were sequenced and genotyped using 527 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) with high minor allele frequency for the first time. The data were coupled with previously identified genotypes of 783 varieties and subjected to parentage and population analysis. As a result, contrary to the historical and ampelographic data published in many sources from 1800 to 2012, only two of the nine Russian varieties (Pukhlyakovskiy Belyi and Sibirkovyi) were related to foreign ones and were obviously imported from Europe to the Russian Empire. The remaining seven varieties, led by Krasnostop Zolotovskiy, are not directly related either in the Caucasus or in Europe, they form separate clusters on the genetic distance-based dendrogram and the world parentage network of V. vinifera. The resulting pedigree of Muscat Hamburg and its descendants is in accordance with SSR-based (simple sequence repeats) studies and the described pedigree of this variety which confirms the use of the reduced SNP set for further studies.
Highlights
Since the genome of V. vinifera (Pinot Noir variety) was first sequenced [1], genotyping and genome-wide sequencing of different varieties has become a new challenge of modern genetics
It is time to study the genomics of autochthonous varieties in Eastern Europe, which has started in Serbia [3], Croatia [4], Bosnia and Herzegovina [5], Georgia [6] and other countries
The first method was the genotyping of varieties by a set of SSR markers, the alternative is fingerprinting with a set of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers [7]
Summary
Since the genome of V. vinifera (Pinot Noir variety) was first sequenced [1], genotyping and genome-wide sequencing of different varieties has become a new challenge of modern genetics. Von Köppen’s research on winemaking and wine trade in Russia published in 1832 contains descriptions of 176 autochthonous grape varieties: 66 in Crimea, 41 in Astrakhan, 54 in Dagestan and Terek Valley, 15 in Don Valley [15]. He made short descriptions of their phenology, uttering some versions of their origin; some of them are still in common use. The indigenous cultivars are not so common in modern Russia: e.g., Kokur Belyi occupied 918 ha in 2010 (720 ha in 2020 according to our own data, primarily in Crimea), and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy was planted on 512 ha in 2016. The study of Russian autochthonous grape varieties is designed to put an end to the questions of their origin, to start in-depth study of their germplasm, transcriptomics and metabolomics
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