Abstract
Ribosomes are perhaps the most critical macromolecular machine as they are tasked with carrying out protein synthesis in cells. They are incredibly complex structures composed of protein components and heavily chemically modified RNAs. The task of assembling mature ribosomes from their component parts consumes a massive amount of energy and requires greater than 200 assembly factors. Among the most critical of these are small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). These are small RNAs complexed with diverse sets of proteins. As suggested by their name, they localize to the nucleolus, the site of ribosome biogenesis. There, they facilitate multiple roles in ribosomes biogenesis, such as pseudouridylation and 2′-O-methylation of ribosomal (r)RNA, guiding pre-rRNA processing, and acting as molecular chaperones. Here, we reviewed their activity in promoting the assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotes with regards to chemical modification and pre-rRNA processing.
Highlights
Chemical modifications of RNA are found throughout all domains of life
There are non-canonical small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs), such as RNase MRP Complex (RMRP), that have critical roles in ribosome biogenesis, or telomerase RNA component (TERC), which aids in maintenance of telomeres
Pseudouridylation requires the assembly of a H/ACA snoRNP composed of the snoRNA and four protein co-factors: NHP2, NOP10, Gar1, and Dyskerin (DKC1)/Cbf5 (Figure 2C)
Summary
Chemical modifications of RNA are found throughout all domains of life. Ribosomes are incredibly complex macromolecular machines comprised of 80 proteinaceous components and four noncoding RNAs (5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 25S/28S rRNA). Biogenesis of ribosomes is meticulously regulated by integrating translation of ribosomal proteins; transcription, processing and modification of rRNAs; and assembly of these components. In addition to guiding the deposition of these modifications, certain snoRNPs have critical roles in the regulation the processing and maturation of rRNAs. In addition to guiding the deposition of these modifications, certain snoRNPs have critical roles in the regulation the processing and maturation of rRNAs Further integrating their role in ribosome biogenesis, many snoRNAs, the RNA component of snoRNPs, are found within the introns of ribosomal proteins or ribosome biogenesis factors. We will discuss the biogenesis of snoRNPs and their role in directing ribosome assembly
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