Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are non-coding RNAs localized in the nucleolus, where they participate in the cleavage and chemical modification of ribosomal RNAs. Their biogenesis and molecular functions have been extensively studied since their identification in the 1960s. However, their role in cancer has only recently started to emerge. In lung cancer, efforts to profile snoRNA expression have enabled the definition of snoRNA-related signatures, not only in tissues but also in biological fluids, exposing these small RNAs as potential non-invasive biomarkers. Moreover, snoRNAs appear to be essential actors of lung cancer onset and dissemination. They affect diverse cellular functions, from regulation of the cell proliferation/death balance to promotion of cancer cell plasticity. snoRNAs display both oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities that are pivotal in lung cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Altogether, we review how further insight into snoRNAs may improve our understanding of basic lung cancer biology and the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapies.
Highlights
Genome-wide analyses unveiled that approximately 80% of the human genome encodes RNAs, while only 1.5% of those are transcribed into proteins
This review aims at providing rationale for the pursuit of small nucleolarRNA (snoRNA)-centered studies in lung cancer
The difference observed in their individual impact on ribosome biogenesis might explained such a difference in tumorigenic activity, the 60S defects associated with SNORD118 depletion may have more impact on tumorigenesis than the 40S defects associated with SNORD3A it remains to determine by which mechanism
Summary
Genome-wide analyses unveiled that approximately 80% of the human genome encodes RNAs, while only 1.5% of those are transcribed into proteins. Lung cancer patient management remains a major public health issue in many countries Regarding these medical issues, ncRNAs and especially snoRNAs may provide innovative tools in this field of research. It appears that the number of snoRNAs is much greater than that of chemical modifications reported in rRNAs, and on the other hand, some snoRNAs do not present a specific sequence complementary to any known rRNAs making them “orphan” snoRNAs, with unknown functions in ribosome biogenesis These observations support the existence of yet undiscovered molecular functions for snoRNAs. the myriad of snoRNAs may display diverse and unexpected functions in cells, in addition to the processing and modification of rRNAs. 2.3. We will focus on the role of snoRNAs in lung tumorigenesis
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