Snake bite in Australia: first aid and envenomation management

Abstract

Australia is inhabited by a large variety of snakes, including some of the most poisonous in the world. Sightings are regular, and the incidence of snake bite is estimated to be several thousand a year. A bite does not necessarily result in envenomation occurring, however there are at least 300 snakebites a year requiring treatment of envenomation, with between 1 and 4 fatalities every year. The incidence of fatalities from snake bite has increased over recent years. The explanation for this is unclear, but possible reasons include the urban sprawl, and a delay in application of appropriate first aid and definitive treatment for envenomation. Emergency nurses in particular should be aware of the first aid techniques appropriate for Australian snake bite, as well as the recognition and management of envenomation. This article will outline the steps required and rationale for applying first aid techniques considered to be effective in retarding spread and circulation of snake venom. It will also discuss the manifestations that indicate systemic envenomation, and management considered to be responsible for reducing the incidence of death from snake envenomation in Australia.