Abstract
Associations between hookah and opium use and an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been suggested in a few studies, but more research is needed on the nature of these associations. We aimed to investigate the association between hookah and opium use and the prevalence of IHD in a population with relatively high prevalence of these exposures in Iran. Using baseline data from the Pars Cohort Study (PCS), a prospective study of individuals aged 40-75 years in Fars province, southern Iran, we calculated adjusted and crude odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the independent association of hookah and opium use with prevalence of IHD. Of 9248 participants, 10.2% (95% CI: 9.5, 10.9) had self-reported IHD. Prevalence of ever use of hookah and opium was 48.9% (95% CI: 44.6, 53.6) and 10.2% (95% CI: 8.3, 12.5) among those with IHD, and 37.0% (95% CI: 35.7, 38.3) and 8.1% (95% CI: 7.5, 8.7) among those without IHD, respectively. Adjusted OR for the association with prevalence of IHD was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.46) for hookah use and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.30, 2.24) for opium abuse. No dose-response association was found between hookah and prevalence of IHD. Hookah and opium abuse were associated with prevalent IHD in this study. Although more research is needed on these associations, particularly in prospective settings, reducing hookah and opium use could potentially reduce IHD risk.
Highlights
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of years of life lost worldwide.[1,2] According to the Global Burden of Disease 2016, total deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD) have increased by 19.0% during the recent years.[3]
Of 9248 individuals included in this study, 946 (10.2%, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 9.6%–10.9%) had self-reported IHD
Ever use of hookah in our study was associated with 1.3fold higher odds of having IHD
Summary
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of years of life lost worldwide.[1,2] According to the Global Burden of Disease 2016, total deaths from IHD have increased by 19.0% during the recent years (rising from 7.96 million deaths in 2006 to 9.48 million deaths in 2016).[3]. Associations between hookah and opium use and an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been suggested in a few studies, but more research is needed on the nature of these associations. Methods: Using baseline data from the Pars Cohort Study (PCS), a prospective study of individuals aged 40-75 years in Fars province, southern Iran, we calculated adjusted and crude odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the independent association of hookah and opium use with prevalence of IHD. More research is needed on these associations, in prospective settings, reducing hookah and opium use could potentially reduce IHD risk.
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