Abstract
Dopamine receptor and dopamine transporter genes polymorphisms have been associated with cigarette smoking behaviour in different populations. The aim of this case–control study was to evaluate polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3 (rs27072)) and the dopamine receptor genes (DRD1 (rs686), DRD2 (rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs7653787)) and their contribution to smoking behaviour in a Malay male population. We identified 476 participants over the age of 18 years comprising 238 smokers and 238 non-smokers. Information such as age, height, weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, marital status, and smoking status of close family members were taken. For the genetic study, we genotyped four genes (SLC6A3 (rs27072), DRD1 (rs686), DRD2 (rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs7653787)) using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method and further confirmed our findings with sequencing. Dopamine receptor genes (DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3) were found to be associated with smoking behaviour in a Malay male population. The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) did not show this association. Significant differences were observed between smokers’ and non-smokers’ age, systolic blood pressure, marital status and family members who smoke. Smoking behaviour is significantly influenced by genetic variations of DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3 in a Malay male population.
Highlights
Tobacco smoking is highly addictive because of nicotine
This study aimed to evaluate the association of gene polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 and dopamine receptors DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3 with smoking behaviour in a Malay male population
We found a significant association of DRD2 with smoking at the genotypic level (p < 0.001); no significant association was observed at the allelic level (p = 0.36; Table 2; Figures S5, S6 and S11)
Summary
The role of genetics in nicotine addiction supports the known associations of smoking behaviour and cessation with genetic variations [1,2,3,4]. Nicotine addiction has been significantly associated with polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor or dopamine transporter genes, which play roles in the dopamine pathway [7,8]. These genes encode for the proteins involved in the synthesis or metabolism of dopamine [8]. All five of the dopamine receptor genes are G-protein-coupled receptors
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