Smoking cessation intervention in the community pharmacy: Cost-effectiveness of a non-randomized cluster-controlled trial at 12-months’ follow-up

Abstract

BackgroundThis study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of an intervention based on a training course for community pharmacists and a smoking cessation service (CESAR©), using limited societal and the health provider perspectives. MethodsNon-randomized controlled trial of 12-months’ follow-up. Spanish community pharmacists who were previously trained with CESAR© formed the intervention group (n = 102), and control group delivered usual care (n = 80). CESAR Patients were smokers identified by the community pharmacists when they attended the pharmacy. Data were self-reported. Outcomes were smoking cessation and quality-of-life (EQ-5D-3L) and were collected at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Costs data included direct health costs, work loss, and intervention costs. Smoking cessation was analyzed through logistic regression models. Generalized linear models were carried out for quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and costs. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost-utility ratio (ICUR) were calculated. ResultsIn total, 800 smoking patients were included in the intervention group and 278 in the control group. Of these, 487 and 151 patients completed the study, respectively. Costs were lower in the intervention group compared to the control group in both perspectives. At 12 months, 54.3% and 37.1% patients from the intervention and the control groups reported smoking cessation, respectively. The difference in probability of cessation in the intervention compared to the control group was 17.6% (CI:0.05; 0.25). The mean QALY was higher in the intervention group [0.03(CI: 0.01; 0.07)]. The ICER and the ICUR were dominant for the intervention group. ConclusionThis intervention for smoking cessation showed that the CESAR© intervention, that combined a training for community pharmacists with a smoking cessation service was efficient for smoking cessation and QALY at 12 months’ follow-up. Trial registrationNCT05461066, retrospectively registered (July 15, 2022).