Abstract
The size distribution, total particle mass concentration (TPMC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) value, and total Benzo[a]pyrene Toxic Equivalence (BaPTE) concentration of smoke particles from palm oil sewage sludge (POSS) bio-char combustion were studied. In this experiment, temperature data of the POSS bio-char combustion were recorded in two parts: particle temperature (Tp) by using a two-color pyrometer and temperature at 300, 500 and 800 mm, respectively, above the fire base by using K-type thermocouples. The POSS bio-char moisture content, clean air speed values, and burning period affected the change of temperature above the fire base. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) values of the POSS bio-char combustion were found to be 0.44 to 1.05 micron at various moisture contents and burning periods. The MMAD, TPMC, and PAHs values increased with increasing moisture content and decreased the POSS bio-char combustion period. For the total BaPTE values, the results showed that the decrease in moisture content of the POSS bio-char samples had a prime influence in decreasing the total BaPTE values. Meanwhile, with decreases in the clean air speed values, the total BaPTE values were increased. Comparing the total BaPTE data between the experimental results and predicted values, the first-degree model had a better fit in predicting than the zero-degree model; this result was confirmed by the higher mean of the coefficient of determination.
Highlights
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a well-known economic crop throughout the world [1]
The Benzo[a]pyrene Toxic Equivalence (BaPTE) value was found to be 435.62 to 1746.49 ng/m3. This result showed that the increase in time period and the palm oil sewage sludge (POSS) bio-char moisture content had a prime influence on decreasing the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and BaPTE values, synonymous with the total particle mass concentration (TPMC) and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) values
Comparing the total BaPTE value data between the experimental results and the prediction values, the first-degree model had a better fit in predicting than the zero-degree model; this result was confirmed by the higher mean of the coefficient of determination (Figure 11a,b), respectively
Summary
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a well-known economic crop throughout the world [1]. In Thailand, oil palm generates an income similar to rice (Oryza sativa L.) and para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) [2,3]. During the oil extraction and cleaning process, the report of Chavalparit et al [9] showed that an average value of 42 kg POSS per ton of FFB is generated by palm oil mills. For POSS, the reports of Chavalparit et al [9] and Paepatung et al [11] show that POSS comprises high mineral, fat, and protein content It is used in biogas production, soil cover materials, and fertilizer in oil palm plantation areas. There has been no research on the smoke particle parameters, PAHs, and the prediction of the potential human health risks by analyzing the total Benzo[a]pyrene Toxic Equivalence (BaPTE) values from POSS bio-char combustion. This article focuses on the characteristics of smoke particles, PAHs, and the prediction of the total BaPTE values in the emissions from POSS bio-char combustion. This study should be useful for helping to solve energy decreases, environmental problems, and potential future human health risks
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
