Smelting copper in decorated pottery: communities of practice in the Niari Basin, Republic of the Congo, fifteenth–seventeenth centuries CE

Abstract

This paper considers copper production in the Niari Basin, Republic of the Congo, during a period dated to the mid-fifteenth–mid-seventeenth centuries CE. Using a combination of pXRF, OM, SEM–EDS, and FTIR, it assesses the microstructure and composition of slags and technical ceramics from sites associated with two different regional pottery traditions: Moubiri-type at the site of Kingoyi near Mindouli and Kindangakanzi-type at Kindangakanzi near Boko-Songho. Both sites are characterised by the use of refractory domestic pottery as crucibles for copper smelting. Moubiri-type pottery is alumina-rich, while Kindangakanzi-type pottery is formed from a magnesia-rich clay, a crucible type unique in sub-Saharan Africa. Similarities in chaînes opératoires at Kingoyi and Kindangakanzi suggest sharing of knowledge at mining and smelting sites, interactions we reconstruct as a metallurgical constellation of practice comprised of the distinct potting communities of practice (see Supplementary information for abstract in Lingala and French).