Smectic layering in polyphilic liquid crystals : X-ray diffraction and infra-red dichroism study

Abstract

We present X-ray diffraction measurements of lamellar ordering for a new class of mesogens-polyphilic compounds-which were reported to form achiral ferroelectrics. Two phases called smectic X and X' manifest polar properties. Analysis of the scattering profiles parallel and perpendicular to the smectic layers provides detailed data on the structure of smectic A, smectic X and X' phases of these compounds. Smectic X' phase corresponds to a strongly defective layered structure of the smectic C type with longitudinal correlation length ξ ∥≤200 A. The molecules are in a zigzag conformation and are tilted with respect to the layer normals. Infra-red dichroism data show that the biphenyl moiety and the polyfluorinated chain of molecules form angles of 56 o and 26 o with respect to the layer normals. In the smectic X phase, three types of layering coexist: (i) polar layers with tilted molecules, (ii) a modulated structure of the same type consisting of layers periodically shifted with respect to each other and (iii) the orthogonal smectic A layers with a spacing of 41 A incommensurate with period 35 A of the polar smectic layers. The coexistence of such incommensurate structures is only possible in a strongly disordered medium. Infra-red dichroism data are consistent with this picture. The in-plane structure factor in smectic X, X' phases reveals two features of polyphilic compounds: a dramatic increase in the short-range positional correlations (ξ ⊥=35±40 A or approximately 7 or 8 molecules in the local in plane order) and splitting of the intensity profiles into three peaks. The latter corresponds to the appearance of nearest-neighbour molecular stacking at different distances. The formation of polar, either uniform or modulated layered structures in the system of polyphilic molecules is discussed