Abstract
This paper presents new constitutive laws for describing the behavior for normal-strength concrete and mild steel bars embedded in concrete. The proposed constitutive laws consider the effect of reinforcement ratio on average stress-strain relationships of cracked concrete and consider the gradual reduction of average stiffness of steel bars embedded in concrete. Equilibrium, compatibility, and constitutive relationships were incorporated into a nonlinear analysis procedure to develop a smeared rotating crack model. The model has the capability of predicting the entire load-deformation response of reinforced concrete membrane elements. Corroboration with data from panel test specimens shows that the model provides good predictions for the entire load-deformation response of elements over a wide range of conditions. Compared to alternative models, the new model was simpler and provided better accuracy in some situations, such as when panels contain heavy amounts of reinforcement in both directions and when panels contain little or no transverse reinforcement.
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