Abstract
Information about indoor locations of intelligent appliances is necessary to provide smart services by collaboration across the appliances. This study proposes a method to automatically estimate the indoor coordinates of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)-enabled appliances with the help of unlabeled BLE and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data obtained from a smartphone in the environment (e.g., a smartphone carried by a person working or living in the environment). We analyze GNSS data to detect when the smartphone is located near a window, and then estimate the orientation of the outer wall into which that window is installed. By combining the rough indoor positions of the smartphone with the distances to each appliance estimated by BLE signals, we estimate the absolute coordinates of the appliances. We have evaluated the proposed method in real-world environments and achieved an average error distance of about 3 meters.
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