Abstract
High resolution optical endoscopes are increasingly used in diagnosis of various medical conditions of internal organs, such as the cervix and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, but they are too expensive for use in resource-poor settings. On the other hand, smartphones with high resolution cameras and Internet access have become more affordable, enabling them to diffuse into most rural areas and developing countries in the past decade. In this paper, we describe a smartphone microendoscope that can take fluorescence images with a spatial resolution of 3.1 [Formula: see text]m. Images collected from ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo samples using the device are also presented. The compact and cost-effective smartphone microendoscope may be envisaged as a powerful tool for detecting pre-cancerous lesions of internal organs in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Highlights
Billions of people worldwide live in low and middleincome countries (LMICs) where incidence and mortality rates of many medical conditions, such as oral, cervical and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, are disproportionately high and adverse.[1]
We describe the design of a smartphone-basedber optic microendoscope for high resolution °uorescence imaging and present some preliminary experimental results
Our experiments have demonstrated the potential of developing a compact, easy-to-use and cost-effective smartphone-based microendoscope that may be used to improve the screening and early diagnostic rates of many medical conditions in LMIC
Summary
Billions of people worldwide live in low and middleincome countries (LMICs) where incidence and mortality rates of many medical conditions, such as oral, cervical and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, are disproportionately high and adverse.[1]. Optical endoscopy is a powerful tool for noninvasive imaging of hollow tissue cavities through a catheter or minimally invasive imaging deep within tissue through a needle or laparoscopic/robotic instrument.[2] Various modern imaging modalities with cellular to subcellular resolution, including confocal microscopy,3 °uorescence imaging,[4,5] optical coherent tomography (OCT),[6] photoacoustic imaging (PAI),[7] have been successfully incorporated into endoscopes Endoscopes show great potential in improving the accuracy for disease diagnosis, such as early cancer detection.[5,8,9] Most optical endoscopes employ an opticalber, ̄ber optic imaging bundle, or lightguide for light delivery and collection Such high resolution endoscopic systems usually consist of bulky, power-consuming and expensive optical components, including thermal lamps, cooled cameras, discrete lens andlters, and/or galvanometer scanners as well as a computer, which make them unsuitable for applications in LMIC. Our experiments have demonstrated the potential of developing a compact, easy-to-use and cost-effective smartphone-based microendoscope that may be used to improve the screening and early diagnostic rates of many medical conditions in LMIC
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