Abstract
Disease diagnosis in low-resource settings can be challenging due to the lack of equipment and trained personnel required for histologic analysis. In this paper, we have developed a smartphone-based epifluorescence microscope (SeFM) for imaging fresh tissues at sub-cellular resolution. SeFM provides similar resolution and field of view (FOV) as those used during histologic analysis. The SeFM device achieved the lateral resolution of 0.57 µm and provided microscopy images over a sample area larger than 500 µm. The material cost was low, approximately $3,000. Preliminary images of human pancreatic tumor specimens clearly visualized cellular details. Quantitative analysis showed that using an excess dose of a chemotherapy drug significantly reduced the tumor-specific fluorescence signal, confirming the specificity of the drug and the detection potential of SeFM.
Highlights
Microscopic examination of excised tissues has been playing a critical role in modern medicine
The excitation filter, dichroic mirror, and emission filter were chosen to image fresh tissues stained with PARPi-FL, a fluorescent dye developed for imaging nuclear enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase 1 (PARP1)
We have developed a smartphone-based epifluorescence microscope (SeFM) device and demonstrated microscopic imaging of fresh human tissues
Summary
Microscopic examination of excised tissues has been playing a critical role in modern medicine. Several low-cost, smartphone-based microscopy devices have been developed to improve disease diagnosis in low-resource settings [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] Most of these smartphone microscopes, are designed to image thinly-sectioned tissue slides and might have limitations in low-resource settings without the pathology lab. The smartphone can be directly mounted on an existing bench microscope to utilize well-corrected objective lenses [12] In this approach, the microscope-to-smartphone interface needs to be carefully designed to avoid vignetting and fully utilize the resolution and FOV that the objective lens can afford. Use of the existing tube lens in the bench microscope might make it challenging to build a compact, portable smartphone microscope
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