Abstract
A smartphone-based platform for the diagnosis of parasitic infections has been developed, tested and validated. The system is capable of making automatic and accurate analysis of millimetric colorimetric arrays in centrifuge collection tubes, which are well established tools used in clinical analysis. To that end, an Android-based software application has been developed, making use of the smartphone rear camera, enabling precise image processing of the colorimetric spot arrays. A low-cost plastic accessory has been developed using 3D-printing to provide controlled illumination, fixed sample positioning and cell phone attachment. The platform was then tested repeatedly for its size detection, edge blurriness and colour detection capabilities. A minimum spot radius of $175~\mu \text{m}$ is detectable when using the developed app, with a tolerance of 15%, corresponding to 0.25% of the area where the spot array is printed. Spot edge definition has been studied up to 40% of blurriness, resulting in a low average percentage error of 1.24%. Colour detection follows the well-known Gamma correction function. Finally, the whole platform was tested and validated using real DNA to analyse for accurate discrimination of Trypanosomatid species, which are responsible for devastating diseases in humans and livestock. The smartphone-based platform can be further extended to other clinical analysis. Its simplicity and reliable performance mean it can be used in remote, limited-resource settings by relatively unskilled technicians/nurses, where diagnostic laboratories are sparsely distributed. The results can however be sent easily via the smartphone to medical experts as well as government health agencies.
Highlights
Smartphones today are handheld computers, with high performance microprocessors and memories, high qualityThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yakoub Bazi .CMOS-based cameras and other integrated sensors, multiple communication capabilities (Bluetooth, RFID, 4G, etc.), powerful operating systems and versatile software toolkits for image and signal processing [1]
These systems are normally cheaper than miniaturized analytical devices, they are globally widespread, easy to use for the non-trained public, and could significantly enhance medical and animal health diagnostic abilities, in settings with limited resources [3]
A 3x3 spot pattern was predefined, we considered that a wide range of detection and functionality parameters needed to be studied in order to assess the fundamental versatility of the tools developed
Summary
Smartphones today are handheld computers, with high performance microprocessors and memories, high qualityThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yakoub Bazi .CMOS-based cameras and other integrated sensors, multiple communication capabilities (Bluetooth, RFID, 4G, etc.), powerful operating systems and versatile software toolkits for image and signal processing [1]. Escobedo et al.: Smartphone-Based Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections With Colorimetric Assays in Centrifuge Tubes development, with around 2.5 billion users worldwide according to recent statistics [2] These systems are normally cheaper than miniaturized analytical devices, they are globally widespread, easy to use for the non-trained public, and could significantly enhance medical and animal health diagnostic abilities, in settings with limited resources [3]. Their data sharing capabilities can be used for fast transfer of analysis results to health care personnel to help in the diseases diagnosis
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