Abstract
Proteinuria is a condition in which an excessive amount of protein is excreted in urine. It is, among others, an indicator of kidney disease or risk of cardiovascular disease. Rapid and reliable diagnosis and monitoring of proteinuria is of great importance for both patients and their physicians. For that reason, a paper-based sensor for proteinuria diagnosis was designed, optimized, and validated utilizing smartphone-assisted signal acquisition. In the first step, a few commonly employed protein assays were optimized and compared in terms of analytical performance on paper matrix. The tetrabromophenol blue method was selected as the one providing a sufficiently low limit of detection (39 mg·L−1) on the one hand and appropriate long-term stability (up to 3 months) on the other hand. The optimized assay was employed for protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) determination on a single paper-based sensor. For both analytes the linear ranges were within the clinically relevant range. The analytical usefulness of the developed sensors was demonstrated by a PCR recovery study in artificial urine. The obtained PCR recoveries were from ca. 80 to 150%.
Highlights
It is, among others, an indicator of kidney disease or risk of cardiovascular disease
Our findings confirm the results presented in [14], which indicated that the tetrabromophenol blue method provides the best analytical parameters for protein determination on paper
Our findings confirm the results presented in [14], which indicated that the tetrabromophenol blue method provides the best analytical parameters for protein determination paper
Summary
Among others, an indicator of kidney disease or risk of cardiovascular disease. The optimized assay was employed for protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) determination on a single paper-based sensor. For both analytes the linear ranges were within the clinically relevant range. The presence of proteins in urine can be an early indicator of a kidney disease or chronic kidney disease progression It can be a predictor of an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or even stroke or myocardial infraction [2]. The composition of urine fluctuates during the day; protein determination in urine from 24 h collection is recommended Such a procedure is burdensome for the patient and the risk of inappropriate collection is relatively high [3]. Correlation between albumin quantified in urine from 24 h collection and the albumin to creatinine ratio in urine from spot collection has been established and such a ratio is widely used in clinical analysis [4]
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