SMART-ER: a Situation Model of Anticipated Response consequences in Tactical decisions in skill acquisition - Extended and Revised.

Markus Raab

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01533

Abstract

Situation Model of Anticipated Response consequences in tactical decisions (SMART) describes the interaction of top–down and bottom–up processes in skill acquisition and thus the dynamic interaction of sensory and motor capacities in embodied cognition. The empirically validated, extended, and revised SMART-ER can now predict when specific dynamic interactions of top–down and bottom–up processes have a beneficial or detrimental effect on performance and learning depending on situational constraints. The model is empirically supported and proposes learning strategies for when situation complexity varies or time pressure is present. Experiments from expertise research in sports illustrate that neither bottom–up nor top–down processes are bad or good per se but their effects depend on personal and situational characteristics.

Highlights

Consider the soccer goalkeeper’s simple task of preventing a penalty shooter scoring a goal
The premise that actions are coded in terms of their anticipated sensory consequences is a principle as old as psychology itself (James, 1890)
SMART’s predictions of when implicit motor learning is beneficial have been revised to be valid in less complex situations in which the sensorimotor interactions do not require attention regulation via top–down processes

Summary

Introduction

Consider the soccer goalkeeper’s simple task of preventing a penalty shooter scoring a goal. Selective interaction means following either top–down or bottom–up processes (i.e., no interaction), so in the penalty example, the goalkeeper would decide to jump to the left based only on knowledge of the shooter’s preferred shooting direction, or the shooter would decide to shoot to the left side independent of the goalkeeper’s moves.

Results

Conclusion