Abstract
The objective of this paper is to report a novel non-invasive, real-time, and label-free smart assay technique for the prognostic detection of bone loss by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed system incorporated an antibody-antigen-based sensor functionalization to induce selectivity for the C-terminal telopeptide type one collagen (CTx-I) molecules—a bone loss biomarker. Streptavidin agarose was immobilized on the sensing area of a silicon substrate-based planar sensor, patterned with gold interdigital electrodes, to capture the antibody-antigen complex. Calibration experiments were conducted with various known CTx-I concentrations in a buffer solution to obtain a reference curve that was used to quantify the concentration of an analyte in the unknown serum samples. Multivariate chemometric analyses were done to determine the performance viability of the developed system. The analyses suggested that a frequency of 710 Hz is the most discriminating regarding the system sensitivity. A detection limit of 0.147 ng/mL was achieved for the proposed sensor and the corresponding reference curve was linear in the range of 0.147 ng/mL to 2.669 ng/mL. Two sheep blood samples were tested by the developed technique and the results were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results from the proposed technique match those from the ELISA.
Highlights
Bone is an active tissue that undergoes continuous remodeling, the process of replacing old bone tissues by new tissues
Bone resorption and bone formation are coupled with each other to provide a balance in skeletal metabolism and turnover [1]
The health condition of bone stays quite stable during the ages of 30–45 years depending on lifestyle, but at later age, the bone resorption process
Summary
Bone is an active tissue that undergoes continuous remodeling, the process of replacing old bone tissues by new tissues. The activity of osteoclasts (bone resorption) and osteoblasts (bone formation) are responsible for this process [1]. During childhood and early adulthood years, bone formation dominates, so bones become denser, heavier, and larger. This condition continues until the age of. Bone resorption and bone formation are coupled with each other to provide a balance in skeletal metabolism and turnover [1]. The health condition of bone stays quite stable during the ages of 30–45 years depending on lifestyle, but at later age, the bone resorption process
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