Abstract
Bone loss and osteoporosis is a serious health problem worldwide. The impact of osteoporosis is far greater than many other serious health problems, such as breast and prostate cancers. Statistically, one in three women and one in five men over 50 years of age will experience osteoporotic fractures in their life. In this paper, the design and development of a portable IoT-based sensing system for early detection of bone loss have been presented. The CTx-I biomarker was measured in serum samples as a marker of bone resorption. A planar interdigital sensor was used to evaluate the changes in impedance by any variation in the level of CTx-I. Artificial antibodies were used to introduce selectivity to the sensor for CTx-I molecule. Artificial antibodies for CTx-I molecules were created using molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) technique in order to increase the stability of the system and reduce the production cost and complexity of the assay procedure. Real serum samples collected from sheep blood were tested and the result validation was done by using an ELISA kit. The PoC device was able to detect CTx-I concentration as low as 0.09 ng/mL. It exhibited an excellent linear behavior in the range of 0.1–2.5 ng/mL, which covers the normal reference ranges required for bone loss detection. Future possibilities to develop a smart toilet for simultaneous measurement of different bone turnover biomarkers was also discussed.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a disease that reduces the quality and quantity of bones, making them weak and more likely to fracture [1]
Bone formation and bone resorption are tightly coupled to each other in order to provide a balance in skeletal metabolism
Most of the available techniques for the detection of biochemical markers of bone turnover are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Summary
Osteoporosis is a disease that reduces the quality and quantity of bones, making them weak and more likely to fracture [1]. During childhood and teenage years, formation occurs faster than resorption; as a result, bones become heavier, larger and denser. This condition will continue until peak bone mass (maximum bone density and strength) is reached around age 30, and during 30–45, the bone condition will be relatively stable. Osteoporosis occurs when bone formation and bone resorption are uncoupled, J. 2018, 7, 10markers of bone resorption, measurements of the urinary excretion of 11 a balance in skeletal metabolism. Osteoporosis occurs when bone formation and bone. 1 shows the difference between a healthy person and an osteoporotic and the process of bone resorption happensofatbones a higher rate than bone formation.
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