Abstract
The concept of Cognitive Radio (CR) has emerged as a practical solution to solve the issue of the fixed spectrum and bandwidth scarcity in wireless communication. However, the nature of dynamic Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks (MCRNs) drives to the emergence of new challenges, especially concerning the routing protocol operations. Applying a cross-layer design is considered a sufficient remedy to overcome routing protocol challenges such (e.g. channel diversity, integration route discovery with spectrum decision, mobility, etc.). Consequently, the cross-layer design has a magic solution to overwhelm routing challenges in MCRNs due to the ability to be free from the strict boundary and share the information and services with other layers in a manner that contributes to enhancing routing performance. Thus, the scope of this survey is to review and taxonomy numerous routing protocols in MCRNs according to methods of design to highlight the strength and weakness points. Also, machine learning has acquired much interest in this literature. A cross-layer framework for smart routing protocol in MCRNs has been proposed by exploiting machine learning mechanisms. Finally, the open research issues of routing protocol in MCRNs are summed up.
Highlights
The growing demand for wireless applications, coupled with the ineffectiveness in spectrum usage, invite for the appearance of a new wireless communication paradigm that based on the dynamic spectrum participation rather than a fixed spectrum
The technical routing protocol details are explained throughout this paper, which including explored a cross-layer framework for the smart routing protocol in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks (MCRNs)
Machine learning plays as a critical interaction factor by proposed machine learning features with the routing algorithm, so that MCRNs can communicate reliably, over a multi-path/multi-spectrum environment
Summary
The growing demand for wireless applications, coupled with the ineffectiveness in spectrum usage, invite for the appearance of a new wireless communication paradigm that based on the dynamic spectrum participation rather than a fixed spectrum. The author [84] introduced a cross-layer to join between routing protocol (Network layer) with spectrum information (Mac layer) for ad-hoc mobile in CRNs. The aim is to mitigate the frequency channel switching, because a re-routing process in CRNs is expensive, regarding energy, delay, and throughput. The author [57] adopted a cross-layer approach to link the control of power, the assignment of the channel, and route selection in a bounded optimisation framework The goal of this way is to reduce interference between SU and PU, and for proving a routing session in CR based on the constraint an average data rate of the end-to-end connection for SU. RCA is suffering from an increase in rates of high end to end latency
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