Abstract
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) has an astonishingly societal impact in which healthcare services stand out. Amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic scenario, challenges include the development of authenticatable smart IoT devices with the ability to simultaneously track people and sense in real-time human body temperature aiming to infer a health condition in a contactless and remote way through user-friendly equipment such as a smartphone. Univocal smart labels based on quick response (QR) codes were designed and printed on medical substrates (protective masks and adhesive) using flexible organic-inorganic luminescent inks. Luminescence thermometry and physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are simultaneously combined allowing non-contact temperature detection, identification, and connection with the IoT environment through a smartphone. This is an intriguing example where luminescent inks based on organic-inorganic hybrids modified by lanthanide ions are used to fabricate a smart label that can sense temperature with remarkable figures of merit, including maximum thermal sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{\mathrm {r}}=1.46$ </tex-math></inline-formula> %K<sup>−1</sup> and temperature uncertainty of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\delta T=0.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> K, and an authentication methodology accuracy, precision, and recall of 96.2%, 98.9%, and 85.7%, respectively. The methodology proposed is feasibly applied for the univocal identification and mobile optical temperature monitoring of individuals, allowing the control of the access to restricted areas and the information transfer to medical entities for post medical evaluation towards a new generation of mobile-assisted <i>eHealth</i> (<i>mHealth</i>).
Highlights
The information and communication technologies, and in particular, the Internet of Things (IoT), are progressively being included in nowadays society along with mobile systems, impacting our daily life in distinct fields such as industry, education, transportation, and healthcare [1],[2].In 2011, 50 billion IoT devices were predicted to be connected by 2020, with the actual number being slightly higher than 12 billion [3]
We report the first example in which the same quick response (QR) code is an unclonable label able to sense temperature and suitable for an authentication application using a photo taken with a smartphone with remarkable figures of merit, combining the concepts of physically unclonable functions (PUFs) with mOptical luminescence thermometry
In this work, we demonstrate a univocal smart label incorporated in medical adhesives and masks, based on customized luminescent QR codes with luminescent smart location patterns processed with organic-inorganic hybrid materials doped with lanthanide (Eu3+ and Tb3+) complexes
Summary
The information and communication technologies, and in particular, the Internet of Things (IoT), are progressively being included in nowadays society along with mobile systems, impacting our daily life in distinct fields such as industry, education, transportation, and healthcare [1],[2]. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) appear as a solution to mitigate the disadvantages of such conventional approaches [9] This concept arises as a new type of cryptographic approach, making use of the unique physical disorders that are introduced on the manufacturing of a device, generating, through them, a “fingerprint” of the device that can be subject to authentication processes ([9] and references therein). We report the first example in which the same QR code is an unclonable label able to sense temperature and suitable for an authentication application using a photo taken with a smartphone with remarkable figures of merit, combining the concepts of PUFs with mOptical luminescence thermometry. This work provides evidence of the use of luminescent PUFs for enhanced security and simultaneous mOptical temperature sensing
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