Smart material processing technologies for high frequency application

Abstract

Material processing is a crucial step in the creation of medical devices because it determines a variety of factors, including the final properties that can be achieved and the wear behavior of the devices. Strength, modulus fatigue, wear resistance, and fracture toughness are some of the typical properties that change as a result of the processing conditions and route. The current chapter examines the forging of metals and alloys used to create implant materials specifically, as well as their benefits and drawbacks in achieving the desired properties. Along with the various die design considerations, a discussion of how different alloying additions affect forging resistance and their impact on biocompatibility is also included. It is imperative that smart materials are developed in the future for applications such as seismic applications, self-sustaining wireless sensor networks, and self-tuned vibration energy harvesting devices. These intelligent materials have the potential to create intelligent materials and structures. A wide variety of materials, including piezoelectric, shape memory alloys, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid, are considered smart materials because they respond to stimuli. There are some similarities between smart materials and biological systems. For instance, piezoelectric hydrophones that resemble the fish's otoliths, which detect vibrations, piezoelectric fluids with manipulable viscosity strength, shape-memory materials that have the ability to recall their original shape, and electro-rheological fluids. With the ultimate goal of creating advanced smart materials and revolutionizing the study of smart materials, such potential attracted the attention of researchers and allowed them to think and integrate various advanced technologies into compact, diverse functional packages. Following a thorough description of some of the smart materials, this review first provides a concise summary of the aforementioned stimuli-responsive smart materials. Mason's model for a circular-shaped device has been used to analytically model the dynamic response and impedance profile of the CMUT element. Theoretical findings are confirmed by simulation findings and found to be in strong agreement with published experimental findings. The derived analytical model shows that the capacitive element has multiple resonances. Due to its larger peak value displacement when compared to its secondary counterpart, primary resonance will be given priority over secondary resonance. Device resonance is similar to published experimental findings as well. The device is suitable for an acoustic medium because of its air-matched impedance. Nevertheless, the need for a perfect matching layer to maximize ultrasound transmission in the surrounding medium, as is necessary for piezoelectric material, is lessened by this insulated element.