Abstract
As billions of sensors and smart meters connect to the Internet of Things (IoT), current wireless technologies are taking decisive steps to ensure their sustainable operation. One popular IoT scenario features a smart home service gateway, which becomes the central point of user’s home environment facilitating a multitude of tasks. Given that most IoT devices connected to residential gateway are small-scale and battery-powered, the key challenge is to extend their lifetime without recharging/replacing batteries. To this end, a novel radio technology named Bluetooth low energy (BLE) has recently been completed to enable energy-efficient data transfer. Another inspiring innovation is the capability of sensors to harvest wireless energy in their local environment. In this work, we envision a scenario where many in-home sensors are communicating with a smart gateway over the BLE protocol, while at the same time harvesting RF energy transmitted from the gateway wirelessly via a dedicated radio interface. We thoroughly investigate performance limitations of such wireless energy transfer interface (WETI) with dynamic analytical model and with important practical considerations. Our methodology delivers the upper bound on WETI operation coupled with BLE-based communication, which characterizes ultimate system performance over the class of practical radio and energy resource management algorithms.
Highlights
Introduction and backgroundIndustry experts predict that on the order of 50 billion unattended devices be connected to the Internet by the year 2020, bringing revolutionary changes to how people, business, and society interact [1]
Given that the majority of sensors, actuators, and smart meters connected to the smart home gateway (HG) are small-scale and battery-powered, the paramount concern in delivering sustainable home networking is energy efficiency
5 Selected numerical results and conclusions we introduce selected numerical results detailing the performance of the smart home system investigated above
Summary
AAccording to [36] bRelative to 1 hour, see [36] cAssumed that the transmitter is using the maximum possible transmit power dDistance between the gateway and the sensor is 5 m eRefer to Table 4 in [6]; for the TI CC2540 BLE transceiver, the energy required for sending an ADV_NONCONN_IND packet is 39 μJ fPower consumption for active mode was assumed to equal 61.1 mW; this is the average power consumed by TI CC2540 BLE transceiver while sending maximum-size frames (see Table four in [6]). The consumption for receiving acknowledgments is included required level of the radio signal to enable energy harvesting (i.e., well below −30 dBm). This can be done either via improving parameters of the diodes used in current rectifier designs or by suggesting new rectifier architectures. The most realistic option considering the current state of the technology seems to employ highly directional antennas. A realistic operation scenario is considered with the parameters following from Section 4 (see Table 3) and analyzed by means of the proposed oraclebased approach. We remind that the essence of the oracle is to combine and centrally manage all the energy flows in our system, and the proposed model delivers an optimistic performance estimate to a practical distributed sensor network. We outline the unstable region of system operation, which corresponds to the situation when the power outage probability Pempty or, literally, the
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