Smart distribution system operational scheduling considering electric vehicle parking lot and demand response programs

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) technology with a vehicle to grid (V2G) property is used in power systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce peak load of the distribution system, provide ancillary service, etc. In addition, demand response (DR) programs as an effective strategy can provide an opportunity for consumers to play a significant role in the planning and operation of a smart distribution company (SDISCO) by reducing or shifting their demand, especially during the on-peak period. In this paper, the optimal operation of a SDISCO is evaluated, including renewable energy resources (RERs) along with EV parking lots (PLs). RER and PL uncertainties and a suitable charging/discharging schedule of EVs are also considered. Furthermore, price-based DR programs and incentive-based DR programs are used for operational scheduling. To achieve this aim, a techno-economic formulation is developed in which the SDISCO acts as the owner of RERs and PLs. Moreover, DR programs are prioritized by using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate different factors that affect the operational scheduling of the SDISCO. The proposed model is tested on the IEEE 15-bus distribution system over a 24-h period, and the results prove the effectiveness of the model.