Abstract
Smart charging of electrical vehicles (EVs) is critical to provide the secure and cost-effective operation for distribution systems. Three model objective functions which are minimization of total supplied power, energy costs and maximization of profits are formulated. The conventional household load is modeled as a ZIP load that consists of constant power, constant current and constant impedance components. The imbalance of distribution system, constraints on nodal voltages and thermal loadings of lines and transformers are all taken into account. Utilizing the radial operation structure of distribution system, an extended iterative method is proposed to greatly reduce the dimensions of optimization variables and thus improve calculation speed. Impacts of the conventional household load model on the simulation results are also investigated. Case studies on three distribution systems with 2, 14, and 141 buses are performed and analyzed. It is found that the linear constrained convex quadratic programming model is applicable at each iteration, when the conventional household load is composed of constant power and constant impedance load. However, it is not applicable when the conventional household load consists of constant current load. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method are also validated.
Highlights
The energy sector faces critical challenges worldwide with regard to the security of power supply, environmental impacts, and energy costs [1]
If the conventional household load is not constant power load and the objective function is associated with nodal voltages, the method utilized in [11,12] would not be applicable
PM.1 and f.1. the the of difference of optimal power between the proposed method and optimization functionsfunctions is somewhat remarkable for the charging power between the proposed method and optimization is somewhat remarkable constant impedance load model
Summary
The energy sector faces critical challenges worldwide with regard to the security of power supply, environmental impacts, and energy costs [1]. If the conventional household load is not constant power load and the objective function is associated with nodal voltages, the method utilized in [11,12] would not be applicable. In [13,14], a linear programming of the coordinated charging of EVs is proposed to maximize the total charging energy of EVs. Inequality constraints of nodal voltage and thermal loadings of transformers and lines are all considered and linearized in the model. Inequality constraints of nodal voltage and thermal loadings of transformers and lines are all considered and linearized in the model This model cannot be applicable to the nonlinear objective function which is not linearly related to the charging power of EVs, such as the minimization of total power supply.
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