Abstract
Electro-responsive smart electrorheological (ER) fluids consist of electrically polarizing organic or inorganic particles and insulating oils in general. In this study, we focus on various conducting polymers of polyaniline and its derivatives and copolymers, along with polypyrrole and poly(ionic liquid), which are adopted as smart and functional materials in ER fluids. Their ER characteristics, including viscoelastic behaviors of shear stress, yield stress, and dynamic moduli, and dielectric properties are expounded and appraised using polarizability measurement, flow curve testing, inductance-capacitance-resistance meter testing, and several rheological equations of state. Furthermore, their potential industrial applications are also covered.
Highlights
Smart functional materials that can detect and identify external stimuli, including electricity, light, heat, magnetic fields, stress, strain, and chemicals [1], have gained attention due to their various engineering applications, such as vibration controls [2], detection [3], electronics [4], and drug delivery [5]
Most ER fluids suit the Bingham fluid model, which illustrates that a fluid has its own yield stress, and the flow motion of the fluid impedes when an input external shear stress is lower than the yield stress [9]
It inspires its environmental stability, and synthesis, it exhibits limitations, such as poor solubility conductivity; they observed that the efficiency decreased as the carbonization application with its polymeric form along with its versatile synthetic methods to prepare in various organic solvents
Summary
Smart functional materials that can detect and identify external (or internal) stimuli, including electricity, light, heat, magnetic fields, stress, strain, and chemicals [1], have gained attention due to their various engineering applications, such as vibration controls [2], detection [3], electronics [4], and drug delivery [5]. According to the viscoelastic appraised by some important variables, such as ionization potential, electron affinity, band gap, behaviors, such as flow curves, shear viscosity, yield stresses, and dynamic modulus, the ER effect of and bandwidth [22,23,24]. By regulating these parameters the thermal, electrical, properties polymeric materials dispersion is compared under an external electrical field and withoptical various strengths. The ER effect of polymeric materials dispersion is compared under an external electrical field with various strengths
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