Abstract
At the heart of every cell's “operating system” are the ribosomes: ingenious nanomachines that translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins that cells need to build and maintain themselves. Ribosomes were first described by the electron microscopist George Palade in a 1955 paper, in which he contemplated the electron dense particles lining the endoplasmic reticulum of rat pancreas cells: “The relationship between the membrane of the endoplasmic reticu-lum and the small granules deserves special consideration.” Indeed, they deserved and got consideration: today PubMed lists over 50,000 papers dealing with ribosomes—comparable to the number of ribosomes in rapidly grow-ing E. coli cells. With such numbers, it's no wonder cells spend roughly 2/3 of their energy budget on the synthesis of ribosomes and translation!
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