Small-scale magnetic flux emergence preceding a chain of energetic solar atmospheric events

Abstract

Advancements in instrumentation have revealed a multitude of small-scale extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) events in the solar atmosphere and considerable effort is currently undergoing to unravel them. Our aim is to employ high-resolution and high-sensitivity magnetograms to gain a detailed understanding of the magnetic origin of such phenomena. We used coordinated observations from the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST), the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph ( and the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( to analyze an ephemeral magnetic flux emergence episode and the following chain of small-scale energetic events. These unique observations clearly link these phenomena together. The high-resolution (0 $) magnetograms obtained with SST/CRISP allowed us to reliably measure the magnetic field at the photosphere and to detect the emerging bipole that caused the subsequent eruptive atmospheric events. Notably, this small-scale emergence episode remains indiscernible in the lower resolution SDO/HMI magnetograms (0 $). We report the appearance of a dark bubble in related to the emerging bipole, a sign of the canonical expanding magnetic dome predicted in flux emergence simulations. Evidence of reconnection are also found, first through an Ellerman bomb and later by the launch of a surge next to a UV burst. The UV burst exhibits a weak EUV counterpart in the coronal SDO/AIA channels. By calculating the differential emission measure (DEM), its plasma is shown to reach a temperature beyond 1 MK and to have densities between the upper chromosphere and transition region. Our study showcases the importance of high-resolution magnetograms in revealing the mechanisms that trigger phenomena such as EBs, UV bursts, and surges. This could hold implications for small-scale events similar to those recently reported in the EUV using Solar Orbiter. The finding of temperatures beyond 1 MK in the UV burst plasma strongly suggests that we are examining analogous features. Therefore, we recommend caution when drawing conclusions from full-disk magnetograms that lack the necessary resolution to reveal their true magnetic origin.