Abstract
Welfare assessment has become one of the main targets of research in animal welfare science. To build a comprehensive and useful tool, welfare and health indicators should be valid and replicable and the protocol application should be feasible in field conditions. A good protocol is a powerful instrument for certification schemes but also for health monitoring, and should be used regularly by veterinarians and farmers. As an example we present in this paper the two-step AWIN welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats in intensive systems, that has been tested in over 60 farms in Portugal and Italy.
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