Abstract
Fluorinated quinoxaline-based small molecules, SM1, SM2, and SM3, were developed as the donor materials for photovoltaic cells. The small molecules containing a 2,3-didodecyl-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline as the electron-deficient unit and thienothiophene as the electron rich units were synthesized by Stille coupling. The small molecules exhibit satisfactory thermal stability and a broad absorption band from 400 to 700 nm. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels of SM1, SM2, and SM3 were –5.70/–3.48, –5.57/–3.42, and –5.66/–3.59 eV, respectively. SM3 with the alkyl group at 4-position in terminal thiophene units has lower HOMO energy levels to increase the V OC value.
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