Abstract
BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is often comorbid with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has also been found to increase risk for CVD. The goal of the present study was to determine the nature of the relationship between sdLDL-C concentration and CVD in patients with CKD.MethodsOne-hundred and forty-five subjects (113 men and 32 women) with CKD (Stage 3 and Stage 4) participated this retrospective study. The concentration of sdLDL-C was measured in samples from 145 CKD patients between 2010 and 2012 during a four-year follow-up period.ResultsA total of eight fatal cardiovascular events (CVs) and 46 nonfatal CVs were registered in the four-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sdLDL-C [1.278, 95 % (1.019–1.598)] and sdLDL-C/LDL-C [2.456, 95 % (1.421–15.784)], at final observation, were independent risks of CVs. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with sdLDL-C >38 mg/dl (logrank: 4.375, P = 0.037), and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio >0.3 levels (logrank: 11.94, P = 0.018) were at increased risk for CVs.ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that for patients suffering CKD, a significant relationship exists between an elevated sdLDL-C concentration and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often comorbid with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
There has been no prospective study to assess the association of Small dense LDL (sdLDL)-C with cardiovascular events (CVs) onset in patients with CKD, though doing so is newly possible by virtue of innovative, fully automated, homogenous assay techniques that allow for the routine inspection of a
HbA1c, Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C/HDLC, and sdLDL-C/low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher in the Event group than the Non-event group at baseline
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often comorbid with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has been found to increase risk for CVD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is frequently complicated with dyslipidemia, which is recognized as the most important risk factor causing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CKD patients. Multiple observational studies have shown that low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an effective, independent predictor of CVD morbidity and mortality; Small dense LDL (sdLDL) has been associated with increased risk for CVD in a number of cross-sectional studies [1,2,3,4]. This is most likely because in large quantities, sdLDL. There has been no prospective study to assess the association of sdLDL-C with CV onset in patients with CKD, though doing so is newly possible by virtue of innovative, fully automated, homogenous assay techniques that allow for the routine inspection of a
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