Abstract
In the period 1990-2012, the percentage for open defecation has dropped by 11% in sub-Saharan Africa which has resulted to substantial progress in access to improved sanitation facilities i.e. pit latrines, VIPs, septages and centralized sewage facilities since 1990 [figure 1]. This therefore put at ease the operations of many municipal’s water resource and waste management agencies. Recent investigation confirms that the number of people defecating in the open is currently increasing in 26 of 44 countries of sub-Saharan Africa and this unsustainable practice is predicted to persist as long as there are toilets that are dysfunctional or unhygienic (WRC, 2015) in Africa. Per review conducted, the unhygienic and dysfunctional conditions of public toilets facilities are results of poor sludge management operations of which inconsistent collection of faecal sludge from toilet sites is a major part. Reported cause of inconsistent emptying of faecal sludge at sanitation sites is due to higher cost of faecal sludge management(FSM) services within urban and peri-urban settlements. FSM services comprise of three stages i.e. collection, treatment & re-use, and disposal of which the treatment stage accrue the most cost of the services. Treatment cost depends on treatment techniques applied by sanitation inspectors/operators but there is currently no definite treatment method which is the most suitable as the physico-chemical properties and environmental compliance requirements for disposal of faecal sludge is highly variable and most solutions have not been demonstrated at scale. To be precise on the key scope of study, on-site sanitation & centralized facility faecal sludge treatment techniques and management practices are deemed the core basis of study hereafter. In this paper, anaerobic-aerobic phosphorous removal process (A/O) is selected as an efficient and cost-effective centralized facility sludge treatment technique and its applied to a case study in Bujumbura municipal of Burundi. Also a simple but effective on-site sanitation management plan which is feasible in Africa communities is discussed.
Highlights
Many developing countries are presently experiencing rapid urbanization and human population growth mainly in the urban centers but the provision of environmental protection measures, including reliable system of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal has not kept step to this development
It is estimated that the percentage of open defecation at shores of water bodies and abandoned farms has increased in 26 of 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa due to dysfunctional and unhygienic condition of shared toilet systems
These results show that the effluent can meet the discharge standards
Summary
Many developing countries are presently experiencing rapid urbanization and human population growth mainly in the urban centers but the provision of environmental protection measures, including reliable system of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal has not kept step to this development. Dysfunctional toilet facilities, increased rate of open defecation and unsafe disposal are probable results of poor faecal sludge management(FSM) practices and higher cost of sludge collection & treatment in general. Waste-water Collection System The modes of fecal wastewater collection in African countries are by centralized sewerage network system(CNS) and on-site faecal collection system which includes pit latrine, full pit, septic tanks, etc. For scenarios of pit latrine on-site faecal connection,[4] summarizes few pit emptying technologies to overcome the problem of fecal sludge management, and presents a framework to assist decision makers in identifying potential pit emptying methods based on local technical conditions. Concluding, the consequence of poor sanitation practices like improper fecal wastewater disposal is the ill effects of the urban population and the enormous investment of the state to maintain the Figure -2: Pit latrine on-site faecal collection http://www.ijSciences.com.
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