Abstract
This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.
Highlights
To minimize the impact on the grid, coordinated/smart charging could be adopted, To minimize the impact on the grid, coordinated/smart charging could be adopted, where where the e-buses connect to the grid to be charged and take into account the other factors the e-buses connect to the grid to be charged and take into account the other factors that that have have an an impact impact on on the the grid
One of the methods of operational cost optimization used in the Jaworzno fleet is charging the e-buses as much as possible based on NC technology in off-peak load periods for the distribution system operator (DSO) grid, where the energy price is lower than at peak times
It was found that the braking system could recuperate around efficiency improvement
Summary
A bunch of new vehicle concepts have been proposed over the past few years that relate to energy management and storage technologies Some of these concepts are being tested and demonstrated in public transport fleets and it is expected to have a considerable contribution in smart grid operation in the near future [1]. Topography: moderate, line length: 8.5 km, average commercial speed: 12 km/h, total daily hours of operation: 14 h, total km driven/vehicle/day: 124 km, average no. Vehicle technology: 10 full electric, brand and model: Solaris Urbino 12 electric bus, length: 12 m, capacity: 70 passengers, charging technology: plug in at depot, pantograph at terminal. Eindhoven Topography: flat, line length: 4.4–12.3 km, average commercial speed: 18.5–27.5 km/h, total daily hours of operation: 20 h, total km driven/vehicle/day: av. Overview usecases cases andand demonstrators work packages and [9].*[9]
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