Slope deposits as an indicator of anthropopressure in the light of research in Central Poland

Abstract

Results of research on Neo-Holocene slope covers uncovered at archaeological sites in Central Poland are described in this paper. Geoarchaeological investigations have been undertaken in the Ner River basin. Distinctive archaeological relicts of human activity document periods of intensive activity of human societies. Artefacts included within deposits play a very important role in correct recognition of the chronology of covers and ecofacts for reconstructions of environmental evolution. The origin and development of slope covers have been correlated with anthropogenic changes of the natural environment. Two main phases of acceleration of slope processes have been recognised, dated to the Middle Bronze Age and to the Late Roman Period. Slope deposits have been classified as deluvia (deluvial, slope wash deposits or colluvial deposits). Their features are most typical for “deluvial sands” and, if they contain more humic matter, for “soil deluvia”. The deluvial covers have been deposited as an effect of moderately intensive slope wash processes. Accumulation of slope deposits has resulted from natural processes initiated by human impact during periods of intensive settlement and economic activity. The slope cover sediments are the source for recognition of intensity of human impact and of economic activity of ancient societies, and for distinct phases of hiatuses of settlement development. The possibility of archaeological and palaeogeographical interpretations based on research on slope covers at archaeological sites is presented.