Sliding to the Left? Contemporary American Modern Orthodoxy

Abstract

During the second half of the twentieth century, many observers of American Orthodoxy were struck by its move to the right, and a small group of social scientists offered a number of basic sociological factors to explain why Orthodoxy in modern society adopted a stance of greater isolation and ritualistic stringency. Perhaps the first social scientist to point to that phenomenon was Charles Liebman, who indicated (albeit without explaining) the trend in his pioneering analysis of American Orthodox Judaism. 1 Almost two decades later, he wrote his seminal essay, ‘‘Extremism as a Religious Norm,’’ 2 which analyzed religious extremism in general and Jewish religious extremism in particular but did not deal specifically with American Orthodox Judaism. Rather, he focused on developments in Orthodox Judaism in Israel. In a paper that focused specifically on American Orthodox patterns, Chaim Waxman distinguished between haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodoxy in terms of three variables. 3 The first involves attitudes toward the larger society and the larger Jewish community and essentially is a matter of ‘‘isolation,’’ the stance of the haredi, versus ‘‘inclusion,’’ which is that of the Modern Orthodox. A second variable entails attitudes toward modernity, general scholarship and science, with the haredi being antagonistic and Modern Orthodoxy being accommodating if not welcoming. The third involves a basic difference between the two communities in their attitudes toward Zionism and their active involvement in Jewish national rebirth and development, with the haredi being antagonistic towards the Zionist enterprise and the Modern Orthodox welcoming it as a religious value. 4 A number of examples of ‘‘haredization’’ were presented but perhaps its most conspicuous manifestations were in American Orthodox Jewry’s greater punctiliousness in ritual observance, perceived by many to be a proclivity to adopt unduly stringent stances, humrot, on ritual matters, as well as a distinct inward turn highlighted by decreased cooperation with the Conservative and Reform branches of American Judaism. By the turn of the 21st century, these tendencies advanced to the point where a keen observer of the American Jewish scene perceived a kulturkampf in American Judaism, with the