Abstract
We designed a concept of 3D-printed attachment with porous glass filter disks—SLIDE (Sweat sampLIng DevicE) for easy sampling of apocrine sweat. By applying advanced mass spectrometry coupled with the liquid chromatography technique, the complex lipid profiles were measured to evaluate the reproducibility and robustness of this novel approach. Moreover, our in-depth statistical evaluation of the data provided an insight into the potential use of apocrine sweat as a novel and diagnostically relevant biofluid for clinical analyses. Data transformation using probabilistic quotient normalization (PQN) significantly improved the analytical characteristics and overcame the ‘sample dilution issue’ of the sampling. The lipidomic content of apocrine sweat from healthy subjects was described in terms of identification and quantitation. A total of 240 lipids across 15 classes were identified. The lipid concentrations varied from 10−10 to 10−4 mol/L. The most numerous class of lipids were ceramides (n = 61), while the free fatty acids were the most abundant ones (average concentrations of 10−5 mol/L). The main advantages of apocrine sweat microsampling include: (a) the non-invasiveness of the procedure and (b) the unique feature of apocrine sweat, reflecting metabolome and lipidome of the intracellular space and plasmatic membranes. The SLIDE application as a sampling technique of apocrine sweat brings a promising alternative, including various possibilities in modern clinical practice.
Highlights
The entire sweat gland system represents 1.6–5 million apocrine and eccrine glands distributed throughout the body surface [1] as an integral part of one of the largest organs—
The development of apocrine sweat glands begins at birth, but they become active later during the stimulation by androgens or estrogens—associated with puberty
These mainirritation parts arefrom assembled as shown gard, the the 3D-printed similarity ofattachment this solution to a widely used preinjection alcohol swab shou in Figure 2c, where serves as a handle and the porous glass mentioned
Summary
The entire sweat gland system represents 1.6–5 million apocrine and eccrine glands distributed throughout the body surface [1] as an integral part of one of the largest organs—the skin [2]. The entire sweat gland system represents 1.6–5 million apocrine and eccrine glands distributed throughout the body surface [1] as an integral part of one of the largest organs—. The eccrine sweat glands are the most numerous, spread over almost the entire surface of the body. They are responsible for the largest volume of the sweat secretion, which fulfills the thermoregulatory function of the body [3]. The eccrine glands develop until the age of 2–3 years—when they become active, and their quantity stays constant throughout life. The armpit contains the most significant number of apocrine glands on the entire surface of human skin [2].
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