Abstract
Online poker has the convenience of being accessible 24/7 allowing a large proportion of players to gamble at night. Although some studies postulate a bi-directional relationship between excessive online poker playing and sleep disturbances, sleep has yet to be studied as a primary outcome variable in online poker studies. Sleep deprivation has been linked to alterations in emotional regulation, decision-making, and risk-taking behaviors. All of which are known to induce episodes of tilt. Conversely, online poker playing during regular sleep hours may interfere with sleep quality. The objectives of the present study are (a) to explore the effects of sleep deprivation on tilt symptoms and gambling behaviors and (b) to assess whether playing an online poker session shortly before bedtime (120 min) influences the player's sleep quality. Sleeping habits, tilt symptoms, and online poker behaviors of 23 regular online poker players (22 men, 1 woman) were monitored daily for 28 days using questionnaires and hand histories. Tilt and gambling behaviors during online poker sessions (n = 588) played while the player was sleep-deprived were compared to sessions played while not sleep-deprived. Different sleep variables were also compared for sessions (n = 897) played 2 h before bedtime to no sessions played before sleep. Sleep-deprived poker sessions revealed higher emotional and behavioral tilt, a higher number of hands played and unfavorable financial results than at-rest sessions. Also, emotional and behavioral tilt was higher when alcohol was consumed. Sessions played 2 h before bedtime revealed a shorter sleep onset latency than when no sessions were played before bedtime. Post-hoc mixed regression analyses revealed that emotional and behavioral tilt is associated with shorter total sleep time and shorter sleep onset latency, while cognitive tilt is associated with a decrease in sleep efficiency. This study is the first to specifically explore sleep variables with online poker players within an ecological study design. The findings shed light on the daily impacts of nighttime online gambling practices. Future studies are needed to further explore the interaction between subjective and objective sleep variables and online gambling habits as well as investigate players' motives for playing while sleep deprived.
Highlights
Poker is a gambling card game that has seen a significant increase in popularity since the beginning of the 2000s [1, 2]
The final model indicated that the Online Poker Tilt Scale (OPTS) Total score was significantly higher when the session was played while consuming alcohol [F [1, 488] = 5.19, p = 0.0023] (M = 1.95; SD = 0.14) vs. when no alcohol was consumed (M = 1.75; SD = 0.13) and when the session was categorized as sleep deprivation (SDpr) [F [1, 485] = 5.16, p = 0.024] (M = 1.95; SD = 0.14) vs. when it was categorized as not sleep-deprived (NSDpr) (M = 1.75; SD = 0.13)
The final model suggested that the OPTS emotional and behavioral score was significantly higher when the player had consumed alcohol [F [1, 497] = 5.89; p = 0.016] (M = 1.48; SD = 0.16) in comparison to when no alcohol was consumed (M = 1.26; SD = 0.15) and when the session was categorized as SDpr [F [1, 490] = 8.24; p = 0.004] (M = 1.49; SD = 0.16) vs. when it was categorized as NSDpr (M = 1.24; SD = 0.15)
Summary
Poker is a gambling card game that has seen a significant increase in popularity since the beginning of the 2000s [1, 2]. Online poker (OP), being a billion-dollar industry [3], allows players to compete with others worldwide using the electronic device of their choice at a time that is convenient for them. The 24h accessibility of OP is a greatly appreciated characteristic of the game [4]. This accessibility has been shown to be associated with the loss of control over gambling behavior [5]. In a survey conducted by the Observatoire des Jeux in France (2012; N = 4,042), nearly three-quarters (72.5%) of OP players reported playing late in the evening or during the night, and nearly half (45.6%) reported that OP interfered with their sleeping time [6]. Late-night gambling is possible and popular in the province of Quebec (Canada) where tournaments are offered every night via the online government website EspaceJeux.com [7]
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