Abstract
In the European Union, Czech Republic ranks 3rd and 6th for the incidence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Worldwide, short sleep duration and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) characterize obese subjects, which in turn exhibit scarce physical activity and unhealthy diet. We aimed to understand the relationship between irregular sleep patterns, obesity and lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, in a vulnerable Czech population. 1482 members of the Kardiovize cohort, a random sample of the Czech urban population, were included in a cross-sectional study. Exposure variables included self-reported sleep duration and EDS, assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Primary outcomes were BMI and waist-to-hip ratio or prevalence of obesity and central obesity. Covariates included physical activity and diet. Associations and interactions between variables were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. After adjustment for covariates, short sleep duration (<7 h) was associated with greater odds of overweight (BMI > 25; OR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.06–1.90; p = 0.020) and obesity (BMI > 30; OR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.02–1.94; p = 0.047), while EDS was associated with greater odds of central obesity (OR = 1.72; 95%CI = 1.06–2.79; p = 0.030), independent of diet and physical activity. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of our study, further prospective, large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the etiological link and causality between sleep disturbances and obesity.
Highlights
Sleep homeostasis is a phenomenon by which organisms compensate for sleep loss or surplus via homeostatic and circadian mechanisms to maintain a constant physiology
After adjusting for age, sex, neck circumference, smoking status, marital status, employment, risk of sleep apnoea, medical history and treatments of diseases, we found that short sleep duration was associated with greater odds of overweight-obesity (BMI > 25) (OR = 1.38; 95%CI = 1.03–1.84; p = 0.030) (Figure 1)
Association of Daytime Sleepiness with Indices of Obesity risk of sleep apnoea, medical history and treatments of diseases, we found that excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was associated with greater odds of central obesity than no EDS (OR = 1.66; 95%CI = 1.02–2.69; p = 0.040) (Figure 2)
Summary
Sleep homeostasis is a phenomenon by which organisms compensate for sleep loss or surplus via homeostatic and circadian mechanisms to maintain a constant physiology. The ubiquity of sleep homeostasis across many animal species, including humans, suggests that it underscores essential functions [1]. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1219 health consequences, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and obesity [2]. The latter, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, is associated with increased total and cardiovascular mortality [3,4] and affects one third of the adult population worldwide [5]. Body fat can accumulate in specific tissues and be unevenly distributed throughout the body
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